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.TH "H2LOAD" "1" "Apr 19, 2026" "1.69.0" "nghttp2"
.SH NAME
h2load \- HTTP/2 benchmarking tool
.SH SYNOPSIS
.sp
\fBh2load\fP [OPTIONS]... [URI]...
.SH DESCRIPTION
.sp
benchmarking tool for HTTP/2 server
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B <URI>
Specify URI to access.   Multiple URIs can be specified.
URIs are used  in this order for each  client.  All URIs
are used, then  first URI is used and then  2nd URI, and
so  on.  The  scheme, host  and port  in the  subsequent
URIs, if present,  are ignored.  Those in  the first URI
are used solely.  Definition of a base URI overrides all
scheme, host or port values.
.UNINDENT
.SH OPTIONS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-n, \-\-requests=<N>
Number of  requests across all  clients.  If it  is used
with \fB\-\-timing\-script\-file\fP option,  this option specifies
the number of requests  each client performs rather than
the number of requests  across all clients.  This option
is ignored if timing\-based  benchmarking is enabled (see
\fB\-\-duration\fP option).
.sp
Default: \fB1\fP
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-c, \-\-clients=<N>
Number  of concurrent  clients.   With  \fB\-r\fP option,  this
specifies the maximum number of connections to be made.
.sp
Default: \fB1\fP
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-t, \-\-threads=<N>
Number of native threads.
.sp
Default: \fB1\fP
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-i, \-\-input\-file=<PATH>
Path of a file with multiple URIs are separated by EOLs.
This option will disable URIs getting from command\-line.
If \(aq\-\(aq is given as <PATH>, URIs will be read from stdin.
URIs are used  in this order for each  client.  All URIs
are used, then  first URI is used and then  2nd URI, and
so  on.  The  scheme, host  and port  in the  subsequent
URIs, if present,  are ignored.  Those in  the first URI
are used solely.  Definition of a base URI overrides all
scheme, host or port values.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-m, \-\-max\-concurrent\-streams=<N>
Max  concurrent  streams  to issue  per  session.   When
http/1.1  is used,  this  specifies the  number of  HTTP
pipelining requests in\-flight.
.sp
Default: \fB1\fP
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-f, \-\-max\-frame\-size=<SIZE>
Maximum frame size that the local endpoint is willing to
receive.
.sp
Default: \fB16K\fP
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-w, \-\-window\-bits=<N>
Sets the stream level initial window size to (2**<N>)\-1.
For  QUIC, <N>  is  capped to  26  (roughly 64MiB).   It
defaults  to  24 (16MiB)  for  QUIC,  and 30  for  other
protocols.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-W, \-\-connection\-window\-bits=<N>
Sets  the  connection  level   initial  window  size  to
(2**<N>)\-1.
.sp
Default: \fB30\fP
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-H, \-\-header=<HEADER>
Add/Override a header to the requests.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-ciphers=<SUITE>
Set  allowed cipher  list  for TLSv1.2  or earlier.   The
format of the string is described in OpenSSL ciphers(1).
.sp
Default: \fBECDHE\-ECDSA\-AES128\-GCM\-SHA256:ECDHE\-RSA\-AES128\-GCM\-SHA256:ECDHE\-ECDSA\-AES256\-GCM\-SHA384:ECDHE\-RSA\-AES256\-GCM\-SHA384:ECDHE\-ECDSA\-CHACHA20\-POLY1305:ECDHE\-RSA\-CHACHA20\-POLY1305:DHE\-RSA\-AES128\-GCM\-SHA256:DHE\-RSA\-AES256\-GCM\-SHA384\fP
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-tls13\-ciphers=<SUITE>
Set allowed cipher list for  TLSv1.3.  The format of the
string is described in OpenSSL ciphers(1).
.sp
Default: \fBTLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256:TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384:TLS_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256:TLS_AES_128_CCM_SHA256\fP
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-p, \-\-no\-tls\-proto=<PROTOID>
Specify ALPN identifier of the  protocol to be used when
accessing http URI without SSL/TLS.
Available protocols: h2c and http/1.1
.sp
Default: \fBh2c\fP
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-d, \-\-data=<PATH>
Post FILE to  server.  The request method  is changed to
POST.   For  http/1.1 connection,  if  \fB\-d\fP  is used,  the
maximum number of in\-flight pipelined requests is set to
1.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-r, \-\-rate=<N>
Specifies  the  fixed  rate  at  which  connections  are
created.   The   rate  must   be  a   positive  integer,
representing the  number of  connections to be  made per
rate period.   The maximum  number of connections  to be
made  is  given  in  \fB\-c\fP   option.   This  rate  will  be
distributed among  threads as  evenly as  possible.  For
example,  with   \fB\-t\fP2  and   \fB\-r\fP4,  each  thread   gets  2
connections per period.  When the rate is 0, the program
will run  as it  normally does, creating  connections at
whatever variable rate it  wants.  The default value for
this option is 0.  \fB\-r\fP and \fB\-D\fP are mutually exclusive.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-rate\-period=<DURATION>
Specifies the time  period between creating connections.
The period  must be a positive  number, representing the
length of the period in time.  This option is ignored if
the rate option is not used.  The default value for this
option is 1s.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-D, \-\-duration=<DURATION>
Specifies the main duration for the measurements in case
of timing\-based  benchmarking.  \fB\-D\fP  and \fB\-r\fP  are mutually
exclusive.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-warm\-up\-time=<DURATION>
Specifies the  time  period  before  starting the actual
measurements, in  case  of  timing\-based benchmarking.
Needs to provided along with \fB\-D\fP option.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-T, \-\-connection\-active\-timeout=<DURATION>
Specifies  the maximum  time that  h2load is  willing to
keep a  connection open,  regardless of the  activity on
said connection.  <DURATION> must be a positive integer,
specifying the amount of time  to wait.  When no timeout
value is  set (either  active or inactive),  h2load will
keep  a  connection  open indefinitely,  waiting  for  a
response.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-N, \-\-connection\-inactivity\-timeout=<DURATION>
Specifies the amount  of time that h2load  is willing to
wait to see activity  on a given connection.  <DURATION>
must  be a  positive integer,  specifying the  amount of
time  to wait.   When no  timeout value  is set  (either
active or inactive), h2load  will keep a connection open
indefinitely, waiting for a response.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-timing\-script\-file=<PATH>
Path of a file containing one or more lines separated by
EOLs.  Each script line is composed of two tab\-separated
fields.  The first field represents the time offset from
the start of execution, expressed as a positive value of
milliseconds  with microsecond  resolution.  The  second
field represents the URI.  This option will disable URIs
getting from  command\-line.  If \(aq\-\(aq is  given as <PATH>,
script lines will be read  from stdin.  Script lines are
used in order for each client.   If \fB\-n\fP is given, it must
be less  than or  equal to the  number of  script lines,
larger values are clamped to the number of script lines.
If \fB\-n\fP is not given,  the number of requests will default
to the  number of  script lines.   The scheme,  host and
port defined in  the first URI are  used solely.  Values
contained  in  other  URIs,  if  present,  are  ignored.
Definition of a  base URI overrides all  scheme, host or
port   values.   \fB\-\-timing\-script\-file\fP   and  \fB\-\-rps\fP   are
mutually exclusive.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-B, \-\-base\-uri=(<URI>|unix:<PATH>)
Specify URI from which the scheme, host and port will be
used  for  all requests.   The  base  URI overrides  all
values  defined either  at  the command  line or  inside
input files.  If argument  starts with \(dqunix:\(dq, then the
rest  of the  argument will  be treated  as UNIX  domain
socket path.   The connection is made  through that path
instead of TCP.   In this case, scheme  is inferred from
the first  URI appeared  in the  command line  or inside
input files as usual.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-alpn\-list=<LIST>
Comma delimited list of  ALPN protocol identifier sorted
in the  order of preference.  That  means most desirable
protocol comes  first.  The parameter must  be delimited
by a single comma only  and any white spaces are treated
as a part of protocol string.
.sp
Default: \fBh2,http/1.1\fP
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-h1
Short        hand        for        \fB\-\-alpn\-list\fP=http/1.1
\fB\-\-no\-tls\-proto\fP=http/1.1,    which   effectively    force
http/1.1 for both http and https URI.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-h3
Short hand for  \fB\-\-alpn\-list\fP=h3, which effectively forces
HTTP/3.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-header\-table\-size=<SIZE>
Specify decoder header table size.
.sp
Default: \fB4K\fP
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-encoder\-header\-table\-size=<SIZE>
Specify encoder header table size.  The decoder (server)
specifies  the maximum  dynamic table  size it  accepts.
Then the negotiated dynamic table size is the minimum of
this option value and the value which server specified.
.sp
Default: \fB4K\fP
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-log\-file=<PATH>
Write per\-request information to a file as tab\-separated
columns: start  time as  microseconds since  epoch; HTTP
status code;  microseconds until end of  response.  More
columns may be added later.  Rows are ordered by end\-of\-
response  time when  using  one worker  thread, but  may
appear slightly  out of order with  multiple threads due
to buffering.  Status code is \-1 for failed streams.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-qlog\-file\-base=<PATH>
Enable qlog output and specify base file name for qlogs.
Qlog is emitted  for each connection.  For  a given base
name   \(dqbase\(dq,    each   output   file    name   becomes
\(dqbase.M.N.sqlog\(dq where M is worker ID and N is client ID
(e.g. \(dqbase.0.3.sqlog\(dq).  Only effective in QUIC runs.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-connect\-to=<HOST>[:<PORT>]
Host and port to connect  instead of using the authority
in <URI>.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-rps=<N>
Specify request  per second for each  client.  \fB\-\-rps\fP and
\fB\-\-timing\-script\-file\fP are mutually exclusive.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-groups=<GROUPS>
Specify the supported groups.
.sp
Default: \fBX25519:P\-256:P\-384:P\-521\fP
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-no\-udp\-gso
Disable UDP GSO.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-max\-udp\-payload\-size=<SIZE>
Specify the maximum outgoing UDP datagram payload size.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-ktls
Enable ktls.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-sni=<DNSNAME>
Send  <DNSNAME> in  TLS  SNI, overriding  the host  name
specified in URI.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-histogram
Plot histogram for performance statistics.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-tls\-session\-file=<PATH>
Read  TLS session  from <PATH>,  and set  it to  all TLS
connections to  perform the  session resumption.   It is
also used  to store  the new TLS  session.  At  most one
session is written to the given file.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-output\-file=<PATH>
Write the measurement results  to <PATH> in JSON format.
This  basically includes  all  numbers  reported to  the
normal   output.     In   addition,    for   performance
measurements, all raw samples are included.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-v, \-\-verbose
Output debug information.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-version
Display version information and exit.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-h, \-\-help
Display this help and exit.
.UNINDENT
.sp
The <SIZE> argument is an integer and an optional unit (e.g., 10K is
10 * 1024).  Units are K, M and G (powers of 1024).
.sp
The <DURATION> argument is an integer and an optional unit (e.g., 1s
is 1 second and 500ms is 500 milliseconds).  Units are h, m, s or ms
(hours, minutes, seconds and milliseconds, respectively).  If a unit
is omitted, a second is used as unit.
.SH OUTPUT
.SS REQUEST METRICS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B requests
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B total
The total number of requests h2load was instructed to make.
.TP
.B started
The number of requests initiated by the tool.
.TP
.B done
The number of requests that reached completion.
.TP
.B succeeded
Requests resulting in an HTTP 2xx or 3xx status code.
.TP
.B failed
The total number of failed requests.  This includes both
\fBerrored\fP requests and requests that completed with a
non\-2xx/3xx status code.
.TP
.B errored
A subset of \fBfailed\fP where the requests failed due to
network\-level issues (e.g., TCP resets, \fBRST_STREAM\fP) rather
than HTTP status codes.
.TP
.B timeout
A subset of \fBerrored\fP where the connection timed out before
completion.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B status codes
The specific count of received HTTP status codes categorized by
class (2xx, 3xx, 4xx, 5xx).
.UNINDENT
.SS TRAFFIC METRICS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B traffic
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B total
Total application data bytes received \(dqon the wire\(dq (decrypted if
using TLS).
.TP
.B headers
Total bytes used for response headers (pre\-decompression).
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B space savings
Header compression efficiency, calculated as:
.sp
(1 \- headers / decompressed_headers) * 100
.sp
where \fBheaders\fP is the compressed size and
\fBdecompressed_headers\fP is the size after decompression.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B data
Total bytes received in response bodies.
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.SS PERFORMANCE STATISTICS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B Metric Definitions
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B request
The duration from sending the first byte of a request to receiving
the last byte of the response.
.TP
.B connect
The time taken to establish a connection, including TLS
handshakes.
.TP
.B TTFB
The duration until the first byte of application data is received
from the server (decrypted if using TLS).
.TP
.B req/s
The requests per second measured individually across all clients.
.TP
.B min RTT
The minimum RTT (QUIC).
.TP
.B smoothed RTT
The smoothed RTT (QUIC).
.TP
.B packets sent
The number of packets sent (QUIC).
.TP
.B packets recv
The number of packets received (QUIC).
.TP
.B packets lost
The number of packets declared lost (QUIC).
.TP
.B GRO packets
The number of packets received in a single recvmsg call (QUIC).
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B Distribution Fields
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B min / max
The absolute minimum and maximum values recorded.
.TP
.B median
The 50th percentile value.
.TP
.B p95 / p99
The 95th and 99th percentiles, indicating tail performance.
.TP
.B mean
The arithmetic average of all samples.
.TP
.B sd
The standard deviation (measure of data dispersion).
.TP
.B +/\- sd
The percentage of successful samples falling within one standard
deviation of the mean (mean +/\- sd).
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.SH FLOW CONTROL
.sp
h2load sets large flow control window by default, and effectively
disables flow control to avoid under utilization of server
performance.  To set smaller flow control window, use \fB\-w\fP and
\fB\-W\fP options.  For example, use \fB\-w16 \-W16\fP to set default
window size described in HTTP/2 protocol specification.
.SH SEE ALSO
.sp
\fBnghttp(1)\fP, \fBnghttpd(1)\fP, \fBnghttpx(1)\fP
.SH Author
Tatsuhiro Tsujikawa
.SH Copyright
2012, 2015, 2016, Tatsuhiro Tsujikawa
.\" End of generated man page.